2018年4月重庆自考00836《英语科技文选》真题

2018年4月重庆自考00836《英语科技文选》真题

一、阅读理解题

Directions: Read through the following passages. Choose the best answer and put the letter in the bracket. (20%)

1.

(A)　　Procrastination is a well-known and serious behavioral problem involving both practical and psychological implications. Taxpayers commonly put off submitting their annual returns until the last minute, risking mathematical errors in their frenzy to file. Lawmakers notoriously dawdle and filibuster before enacting sometimes rash and ill-advised legislation at the eleventh hour. And, students burn the midnight oil to get their term papers submitted before the impending deadline, precluding proper polishing and proofreading. For these reasons, we are cautioned not to procrastinate: Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today. He who hesitates is lost. Procrastination is the thief of time.　　However, the opposite of procrastination can also be a serious problem 一 a tendency we call “pre-crastination.” Pre-crastination is the inclination to complete tasks quickly just for the sake of getting things done sooner rather than later. People answer emails immediately rather than carefully contemplating their replies. People pay bills as soon as they arrive, thus failing to collect interest income. And, people grab items when they first enter the grocery store, carry them to the back of the store, pick up more groceries at the back, and then return to the front of the store to pay and exit, thus toting the items farther than necessary. Familiar adages also warm of the hazards of pre-crastinating: Measure twice, cut once. Marry in haste, repent at leisure. Look before you leap.　　We first found striking evidence of pre-crastination in a laboratory study exploring the economics of effort. College students were asked to carry one of a pair of buckets: one on the left side of a walkway and one on the right side of the same walkway. The students were instructed to carry whichever bucket seemed easier to take to the end of the walkway. We expected students to choose the bucket closer to the end because it would have to be carried a shorter distance. Surprisingly, they preferred the bucket closer to the starting point, actually carrying it farther. When asked why they did so, most students said something like, “I wanted to get the task done as soon as possible,” even though this choice did not in fact complete the ask sooner.　　Nine experiments involving more than 250 students failed to reveal what might have been so compelling about picking up the nearer bucket. Although some hidden benefit may await discovery, a simple hypothesis is that getting something done, or coming closer to getting it done, is inherently rewarding. No matter how trivial the achievement, even something as inconsequential as picking up a bucket may serve as its own reward.　　Is pre-crastinatio — exhibited by college students, bill payers, e-mailers, and shoppers —a symptom of our harried lives? The other study from our laboratories suggests it is not: that experiment was done with pigeons. The birds could earn food by pecking a touchscreen three times: first, into a square in the center of the screen; second, into the same square or into a square that randomly appeared to the left or right of it; and third, into a side square after a star appeared within it. Critically, food was given after the final peck regardless of whether the second peck struck the center square or the side square where the star would be presented. The pigeons directed their second peck to the side square, hence moving to the goal position as soon as they could even though there was no obvious or extra reward for doing so. Thus, the pigeons pre-crastinated. 　　What does the passage mainly discuss?

A.Procrastination and pre-crastination.
B.Pre-crastinalion.
C.Procrastination.
D.How to cope with procrastination and pre-crastination.

2.The phrase“at the eleventh hour” in line 4, paragraph 1, is closest in meaning to_______.

A.late in the morning
B.late in the evening
C.too late
D.at the last minute

3.The passage describes all of the following people as exhibiting pre-crastination EXCEPT_______.

A.lawyers
B.bill payers
C.e-mailers
D.shoppers

4.The word “toting” in line 7, paragraph 2, is closest in meaning to ______.

A.pulling
B.pushing
C.carrying
D.dragging

5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A.Pre-crastination is a sign to show that we are anxious about our lives.
B.People tend to complete tasks as soon as possible even at the expense of extra physical effort.
C.Plan and prepare in a careful, thorough manner before taking action.
D.Delaying doing something wastes a great deal of time.

6.

(B)　　The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic left a troubling legacy in Europe: More than 1300 people who received a vaccine to prevent the flu developed narcolepsy, an incurable, debilitating condition that causes overpowering daytime sleepiness, sometimes accompanied by a sudden muscle weakness in response to strong emotions such as laughter or anger. The manufacturer, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), has acknowledged the link, but how the vaccine might have triggered the condition has been unclear.　　In a paper in Science Translational Medicine (STM) this week, researchers offer a possible explanation. They show that the vaccine, called Pandemrix, triggers antibodies that can also bind to a receptor in brain cells that help regulate sleepiness. The work strongly suggests that Pandemrix triggered an autoimmune reaction that led to narcolepsy in some people who are genetically at risk. 　　“They put together quite a convincing picture and provide a plausible explanation for what has happened,” says Pasi Penttinen, who heads the influenza program at the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. “It’s really the kind of work we’ve been waiting for 5 years.” But the results still need to be confirmed in a larger study, the authors and other narcolepsy researchers say. A 2013 paper in STM by another group, documenting a different type of vaccine-triggered autoimmune reaction, was retracted after the results proved irreproducible. 　　Narcolepsy, a mysterious malady that affects roughly one in 3000 people in Europe, most often appears in childhood or adolescence. Patients lose certain brain cells in the hypothalamus, leading to a deficiency of hypo-cretin, a molecule that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Researchers suspect an autoimmune reaction is to blame because many people who develop narcolepsy—and just about everyone with the vaccine-associated form—have a specific variant in a gene in the HLA family, which helps the body distinguish its own proteins from those made by microbial invaders.　　When they heard about the rise in narcolepsy in 2010, neuroscientist Lawrence Steinman and rheumatologist Sohail Ahmed began scouring databases for proteins expressed in the brain that might resemble those in the vaccine. 　　Their search turned up a suspect: a piece of a receptor for hypo-cretin resembles part of the H1N1 influenza nucleoprotein—which binds to the virus genome and plays a key role in its replication .The flu vaccine is designed to trigger antibodies to influenza’s surface proteins, but if it elicits antibodies to the nucleoproteinas well, those might well latch on to the hypocretin receptor, and eventually lead to death of the cells, the researchers thought.　　In the new work, the researchers added serum from Finnish narcolepsy patients who had received Pandemrix to cells that were engineered to display human hypo cretin receptor 2 on their surface. Antibodies from the patients bound to these cells in 17 of 20 samples. Serum from Italians who had been vaccinated with a different pandemic vaccine from Novartis, called Focetria, did not have such antibodies. The researchers also showed that Focetria, which has not been linked to narcolepsy, had a much lower concentration of nucleoprotein than Pandemrix did. 　　The passage answers which of the following questions?

A.What was the legacy of the pandemic flu?
B.How serious was the pandemic flu?
C.What were the side effects of the flu vaccine?
D.Why did a flu pandemic shot cause narcolepsy?

7.The phrase “latch on to” in line 4, paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to______.

A.depend on
B.stick to
C.bind to
D.fasten on

8.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT______.

A.Pandemrix causes autoimmune reaction to happen
B.people genetically at risk tend to develop narcolepsy
C.autoimmune reaction results in narcolepsy
D.the Novartis’ vaccine is probably safer than the GSK’s

9.It can be inferred from the passage that______.

A.narcolepsy hardly appears in adulthood
B.in the lab, Steinman and Ahmed began to study proteins expressed in the brain that might resemble those in the vaccine
C.when the findings in a paper cannot be repeated, they will not be published in STM
D.the authors in STM usually treat their paper in a serious and responsible way

10.Approximately, according to the passage, how many people have been vaccinated with Pandemrix in Europe?

A.More than 1300.
B.About 400,000.
C.About 200 million.
D.Unknown.

二、词缀题

Directions: Add the affix to each word according to the given Chinese, making changes when necessary. (8%)

11.astronomy 天体的

12.custom 习惯上的

13.guarantee 保证人

14.quality 定性的

15.scan 能扫描的

16.spring 子孙;后代

17.nourished 营养丰富的

18.cell 细胞的

三、填空题

Directions: Fill in the blanks, each using one of the given words or phrases below in its proper form. (12%)

21.

 　　She came into the room and sat______her mother.

22.I am pleased that your plan is in______my ideas.

23.They agreed that they should______all their advantages in the competition.

24.______, 15 minutes of exercise is better than nothing.

25.The disease can sometimes______depression, fatigue and anxiety.

26.He said these books_______the application of the theory to practical business problems.

27.The police were______the pearl robbery.

28.Almost all the computers this shop sells are______IBM in the United States.

29.Her busy work schedule did not allow her to______days______.

210.The doctor told her to give up the diet_______Vitamin B.

211.They waited for more than one hour, but he didn’t______.

212.He could hardly start the car, for the batteries were______.

四、选词填空题

Directions: Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below. (10%)

31.　　

　　New research challenges the generally accepted belief that substantial ice sheets could not have existed on Earth during past super-warm climate events. The study by researchers(31)Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego provides strong evidence that a glacial ice cap, (32) half the size of the modern day glacial ice(33), existed 91 million years ago (34) a period of intense global warming. This study offers valuable insight (35) current day climate conditions and the environmental mechanisms(36)global sea level rise. The new study examines geochemical and sea level data(37) from marine microfossils(38)on the ocean floor 91 million years ago during the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum. This extreme(39)event in Earth’s history raised tropical ocean temperatures to 35-37°C (95-98.6°F), about 10°C (18°F) warmer than today, thus(40)an intense greenhouse climate.

五、用法说明题

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, each using one of the given words or phrases below. (10%)

41.be doomed to　　emerge from　　access to　　acknowledge　　afford 　　1、他们最后承认了他们的实验数据是伪造的。　　2、史密斯教授用过那些文章，其中大多数尚未发表。　　3、这个项目从一开始就注定要失败。　　4、他几乎不能再缺课了。　　5、你们的讨论产生了什么结果?

六、翻译题

Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. (15%)

51.Cyberspace, of course, is bigger than a telephone call. Someday even our television sets may be part of cyberspace, transformed into interactive “teleputers”by so-called full-service networks like the ones several cable-TV companies (including Time Warner) are building along the old cable lines, using fiber optics and high-speed switches.

七、信息题

Directions: Read the following passage, and then fill in the table with the information based on the passage. (10%×2%)

61.       As a computer scientist, Cappos has developed a completely different way to cloud compute.　　In typical cloud computing, users connect to a powerful, centralized data center. But Cappos’ cloud is less of a dense thunder-head and more of a fog. His system, called Seattle, connects devices directly to one another in decentralized network, relaying information more quickly than it could through a single, often distant exchange point. “It lets you use a little bit of disk storage, network, memory, and CPU in an isolated, safe way,” he says. Because Seattle allows users to access the Net with foreign IP addresses, it enables developers to view their sites or apps as they would in other countries. That ability is also particularly valuable to individuals who wish to avoid local censorship.　　By the end of 2012, Seattle had 20,000 users. Cappos and colleagues are now working on software that could access the sensors in smart phones as well. Scientists could use it to test new apps, such as an earthquake monitor that uses a phone’s accelerometer (加速计)to measure quake intensity. Soon, Cappos hopes to use Seattle to surf the Net from the International Space Station too. 　　

八、写作题

　　Directions: Write a passage (150-200 words) in English on the following title. Develop the idea according to the Chinese outline given below. (15%)

71.How to Fight Against Campus Violence


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