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重庆自考网 > 历年真题 > 2023年4月重庆自考00596《英语阅读 (二)》真题

2023年4月重庆自考00596《英语阅读 (二)》真题

管理员 2023-08-01 历年真题

2023 年 4 月高等教育 自学考试

英语阅读 (二)试 题
课程代码:00596

1 . 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂 、写在答题纸上。
2. 答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名 、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔 填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
选择题部分
注意事项:
每小题选出答案后,用 2B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑 。如需改动,用橡皮 擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。
I. Reading Comprehension. (40 points, 2 points for each)
Directions: In  this part  of the  test,  there are four passages.  Following each passage, there are jive  questions with four choices marked A, B,  C and D. Choose the best answer and then write the correspondingletter on your Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Instead  of producing goods  or  services-the  traditional  economic  model
“products”-older  persons  may  contribute  a“ product” that  has  value  to  society,
such as caring for children, caring for other older persons, caring for the oldest old, providing community leadership, mentoring or being an effective role model . But  in spite of their significant human and economic benefits, such contributions have  not been figured into an economy's gross national product. And they have not been appropriately valued.
Over   the   past   several   decades,   most   industrialized   countries   have experienced a substantial drop in the average age at which individuals retire from the.  labour  market.  Longer  life  expectancy and  better health  have  not  been accompanied by longer working lives. As a consequence, these countries are facing serious concerns about the viability of social  security systems .  A key
challenge for these countries is to mitigate the effects of a drop in the working age 00596# 英语阅读(二 )试题 第 1页(共14 页)


population by increasing and prolonging the participation of older people in the
labour market.
Social protection is a basic component of decent work. The objective of most social protection schemes is to provide access to health care and income security. But today more than half the world 's population is excluded from any type of social security protection.
In most developing countries, no more than 20 per cent—and sometimes as few as 5 per cent—of older persons can expect to receive a pension or adequate health care. People working in the informal economy, predominantly women, are likely to have very low or no income in old age
For older persons, the main expenditure tends to be on health. Health care is an essential part of social protection in any society, and as the global population ages, it is essential that health services adapt to new demands. Even in countries where the family takes on the responsibility of caring for frail older people, global pressures and trends suggest that the elderly will increasingly be forced to rely on themselves,  as younger people move from rural to urban areas for economic
reasons.
A growing sector of the population that will  certainly require  care is the oldest old, those 80 years of age or older. Some have developed strategies for caring for themselves and for each other, and are thus able to receive and give care and support to remain independent and to have control over their own lives. But the percentage of the oldest old is growing very rapidly, and there is an urgent need, particularly in developing countries, to expand care and security networks.   Questions 1-5 are based on Passage One
1 .According to Paragraph 1 , older persons
A. serve as role models for their grandchildren only
B .usually use raw materials to produce goods for the market
C. make contributions to an economy's gross national product
D . have values which are neglected by the society to some extent 2. What can we learn from Paragraph 2?
A. Longer life expectancy means longer working lives.
B . Older people are willing to prolongtheir working lives.
C. People retire from the labor market much earlier than they used to. D. Older people have no choice but to participate in the labor market.


3 . Most older people in developing countries
A. receive a pension                      B. receive heath care
C. have steady income                    D. have no social protection
4. We can learn from Paragraph 5 that health care
A. ensures income securityofthe elderly
B. provides protection for the elderly only
C. is the most important part of social protection
D. defines the family's dutyof caring for the elderly
5 . What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Most older people can take care of themselves.
B. It is essential that social protection meet new requirements.
C. Older people have been a heavy burden for the whole society
D . It is urgent for younger people to provide finance for the elderly.
Passage Two
In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse . What's sad is
that  even  if it's  the  latter,  we  often  accept  it  anyway  because  we  are  so accustomed to the way things are that we don't even recognize that they could be different. This is a phenomenon psychologists call functional fixedness.
This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap: People are given a box of tacks and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly Typically, the subjects trytacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to affix it with melted wax. The psychologists had, of course, arranged it so that neither of these obvious approaches would work . The tacks are too short, and the paraffin doesn't bind to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task? The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle-holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it. To think of that, you have to look beyond the box's usual role as a receptacle just for tacks and re-imagine it serving an entirely new purpose . That is difficult because we all suffer to one degree or another from functional fixedness.  The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society.
The political theorist Hannah Arendt coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should.In Arendt's eyes,


 
the complacent reliance on such accepted“truths”also made people blind to ideas
that didn't fit their worldview, even when there was ample evidence for them . Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said.“ It can be found in highly ntelligent people.”Arendt was particularly interested in the origins of evil, and she considered critical thinking to be a moral imperative—in its absence, a
society could go the way of Nazi Germany.
Fortunately,  psychologists have found that anyone can unfreeze his or her thinking. One of the most effective ways is to introduce a little discord to one 's intellectual  interactions.  What  this  all  means  is  that,  as  difficult  as  it  can sometimes be, talking to people who disagree with you is good for your brain. So if you hate conspiracy theories and run into someone who believes that we faked
the moon landing, don't walk away Have tea with him or her. It can broaden your thinking in countless ways.
Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.
6. In Paragraph 1 , by saying“functional fixedness”the author means that
A. we always follow the worse path in life
B. it is essential for us to lead a different kind of life
C. it is difficult for us to adapt to something different
D. we seldom make changes to the ways that things are
7. The experiment in Paragraph 2 tells us that
A. the paraffin can attach the candle to the wall
B. functional fixedness leads to the failure of some subjects
C. psychologists hope that the subjects stick to functional fixedness
D. tacking the candle to the wall is the only wayto complete the task
8. In Paragraph 2, the word“receptacle”means
A. container                                B. support
C. stand                                       D. ornament
9. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A. One can get rid of frozen thinking if he is wise and rational.
B . We should be capable of questioning every idea in our minds.
C. Some ideas are so deeply held in our minds that we never question them   D. Critical thinking is quite often developed among highly intelligent people.


 
10. What can we do to unfreeze our thinking?
A. We should make friends with those who agree with us.
B.We should walk away from people who hate interactions.
C.We should listen to different ideas in order to think creatively
D.We should have tea with someone who believes in conspiracy theories. Passage Three
For expat parents, passing on their native languages can be a struggle. Not sharing your first language with loved ones is hard. Not passing it on to your own child can be especially tough. Many expat and immigrant parents feel a sense of failure; they wring their hands and share stories on parenting forums and social media, hopingto find the secret to nurturing bilingual children successfully
Children are linguistic sponges, but this doesn't mean that cursory exposure is enough. Theymust hear a language quite a bit to understand it—and use it often to be able to speak it comfortably This is mental work, and a child who doesn't have a motive to speak a language—either a need or a strong desire—will often avoid it. Children's brains are already busy enough.
So languages often wither and  die  when parents move  abroad. Consider America. The foreign-born share of the population is 13 .7%, and has never been lower than 4. 7% (in 1970) . And yet foreign language speakers don't accumulate : today just  25%  of the  population  speaks  another  language.   That 's  because, typically, the first generation born in America is bilingual, and the second is monolingual—in English, the children often struggling to speak easily with their immigrant grandparents.
In the past, governments discouraged immi grant families from keeping their languages. Teddy Roosevelt worried that America would become a“polyglot boarding- house”. These days, officials tend to be less interventionist; some even see a valuable  resource  in  immigrants’language  abilities. Yet  many  factors
conspire to ensure that children still lose their parents' languages, or never learn them .
A big one  is  institutional  pressure.  A child's time spent  with  a second language is time not spent on their first. So teachers often discourage parents from
speaking their languages to their children. (This is especially true if the second 00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第 5页(共14 页)


 
language lacks prestige.) Parents often reluctantly comply worried about their
offspring's education. This is a shame; children really can master two languages or even more. Research does indeed suggest their vocabulary in each language may be  somewhat  smaller  for  a  while. But  other  studies  hint  at  cognitive advantages among bilinguals. They m ay be more adept at complex tasks, better at maintaining attention, and (at the other end of life) suffer the onset of dementia
later
Languages are an intimate part of identity; it is wrenching to try and fail to pass them on to a child. Success may be a question of remembering that they are not just another thing to be drilled into a young mind, but a matter of the heart.      Questions 1l-15 are based on Passage Three.
1 1 . Many i mmigrat parents feel a sense of failure because
A. they are not well accepted by their children
B. they are not experienced in bringing up children
C.it is illegal to post information on parenting forums
D. it is hard to pass on their native languages to children
12.In Paragraph 2, by saying“linguistic sponges”the author means that
A. children are too busy to learn a language
B. children can pick up a language very quickly
C. chi ldren have strong desire to speak a language
D. children don't have a motive to acquire a language
13 .The word“wither”in Paragraph 3 means
A. to lose vigor                              B.to dry up
C.to be indifferent                          D.to become energetic
14. Which of the following statements is true based on Paragraph 4?
A.Some American officials come to realize the values of immigrant languages.    B. Immigrant parents think their native languages have no worth in labor market. C. Children are reluctant to learn immigrant languages because they lack prestige.
D. American government has prevented immigrants to use their native languages in public.
 


 
15. Passing on the native languages to immigrant children is important because
A. bilinguals enjoy cognitive advantages
B. language can tie up parents and children
C.language identifies the symbol of intimacy
D. acquisition of a language is beneficial for health
Passage Four
Recent scandals show that limiting ad partners' access to your data isn't enough to protect it.Facebook Inc., which turned 1 5 on Feb. 4, spent the past year peppering you with apologias and promises about protecting your personal data from others. The company wants you to know that it doesn't sell your data to advertisers, per se, and that you can limit data sharing with some other apps. It's going to keep paying for pop- up kiosks and subway ads to reinforce that the thickets of data growing in its garden now are (imagine!) under your control.
But  Facebook  still  isn't  being  transparent  about  the  ways  it  collects information on you, and it's quietly stepping up efforts to grab lots more. The company's knowledge goes far beyond status updates. It tracks people across the Internet on other companies' websites and apps. It uses IP addresses to target ads to people who turned off location- based tracking on their phones. It's been caught collecting call and text histories from users’Android devices. It's stored facial data  from  people  who  never  agreed  to  biometric  scans.  It was just  caught monitoring the phone activity of some kids as young as 13 .
On  Feb.7, Germany's  antitrust  regulator was  expected  to  announce  the results of a three-year investigation into whether the company has illegally used its market power to coerce data sharing consent. No wonder Facebook wants to have a different discussion about privacy. From his Senate testimony last year to a Wall Street Journal op-ed last month, Chief Executive Officer Mark Zuckerberg has stressed that Facebook isn't selling user data.
In privacy terms, this is a largely semantic distinction. Facebook does sell clients your attention, tailoring ads to what your online behavior suggests you might  like.  The  less data the company shares—due  to  privacy concerns  or
anything else—the more it can charge for exclusive access to its 2.7 billion global users .
 


 
Europe  is  a step ahead:  Under the General  Data Protection  Regulation
enacted last year, Facebook has to more clearly disclose what data it's gathering and why when requesting that users click OK. Irish authorities already have seven investigations open on Facebook's tactics. If the company s in violation, it could be fined a maximum of 4 per cent of its global revenue.Of course, it's difficult to imagine any regulator conjuring a fine big enough to upend  the data hungry business model of a company that made $2 1 .7 billion in profit last year. And as
long as Facebook is unwilling to limit its collection practices, we'll all have little choice in what we share.
Questions 16-20 are based on Passage Four.
16. What can we learn from Paragraph 1?
A. Facebook admitted selling its users' data to advertisers.
B. Facebook made promises to protect its users' personal data.
C. Facebook made an apology for failing in protecting its users.
D. Facebook was trustworthy because it didn't disclose its users' data.
17.According to Paragraph 2, Facebook
A. updates its status to keep data safe
B. collects its users'information secretly
C.tracks people in public in an illegal way
D. makes the public know about how it collects data
18. The word“coerce”in Paragraph 3 means
A. to force                                     B. to claim
C. to require                                     D . to threat
1 9. In Paragraph 4, by saying“ semantic distinction”the author means
A. there are different interpretations for privacy
B. Facebook traces its users'online behavior
C.there are various ways to access its users'data
D. Facebook ensures the safety of its users' information
20.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Facebook will be under the control of Irish authorities.
B. Facebook will be involved in a lawsuit because of its practices
C. Facebook will pay 4 per cent of its global revenue for penalty.
D. Facebook will go through a tough time in the following years.
 

非选择题部 分
注意事项:
用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。
I. Vocabulary (15 points, 1 point for each)
Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have rough ly
the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each
word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is.
Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet
Not change for change's sake, but change to preserve America's ideals— life liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Though we march to the music of our time, our mission is timeless.
Each generation of Americans must define what it means to be an American.
On behalf of our nation, I salute my predecessor, President Bush, for his half-century of service to America.
And  I  thank  the  millions  of men  and  women  whose  steadfastness  and sacrifice triumphed over depression and fascism.
Today, a generation raised in the shadows of the Cold  War assumes new responsibilities in a world warmed by the sunshine of freedom but threatened still byancient hatreds and new plagues.
Raised in unrivaled prosperity, we inherit an economy that is still the world 's strongest,  but  is  weakened  by  business  failures, stagnant  wages,  increasing inequality, and deep divisions amongour people.
When George Washington first took the oath I have just sworn to uphold, news traveled slowly across the land by horseback and across the ocean by boat Now, the sights and sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instantaneously to billions around the world.
Communications and commerce are global; investment is mobile; technology
is almost magical; and ambition for a better life is now universal. We earn our
livelihood in peaceful competition with people all across the earth. Profound and
 
 
This new world has already enriched the lives of millions of Americans who
are able to compete and win in it. But when most people are working harder for
less; when others cannot work at all; when the cost of health care devastates
families and threatens to bankrupt many of our enterprises, great and small; when
fear of crime robs law-abiding citizens of their freedom; and when millions of
poor children cannot even imagine the lives we are calling them to lead—we have
not made change our friend.


 
We kow we have to face hard truths and take strong steps. But we have not
done so. Instead,  we have drifted, and that drifting has eroded our resources, fractured our economy, and shaken our confidence.
Though our challenges are fearsome, so are our strengths. And Americans have ever been a restless, questing, hopeful people. We must bring to our task today the vision and will of those who came before us.
21 . the ideas of something that is perfect (Para. 1)
22.one who held an official position before you (Para. 3)
23 . gained complete success or victory (Para. 4)
24. very old (Para. 5 )
25.an economic state of growth with rising profits (Para. 6)
26. not growingor developing (Para. 6)
27. stand up for (Para.7)
28. immediately (Para. 7)
29. of worldwide scope or applicability (Para. 8)
30. engage in a contest (Para. 9)
31 . have insufficient assets to cover the debts (Para. 9)
32. moved about aimlessly (Para. 10)
33 . broke into pieces (Para. 10)
34. searching for (Para. 1 1 )
35. a vivid mental image (Para. 11)
III. Summarization. (20 points, 2 points for each)
Directions: In  this section of the test,  there are ten paragraphs.  Each of the paragraphs is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea ofthe paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your
Answer Sheet.
Paragraph One
In 1897, eight-year-old Virginia wrote a short, inquisitive letter to the editor of New York 's newspaper, The Sun, in which she sought confirmation of Santa Claus's existence. The paper's editor, Francis P. Church, soon replied to Virginia's letter by way of an editori al, titled“Is There a Santa Claus?”, which in fact remains to this day, the most reprinted English-language editorial in history.
36. A letter to i        about the existence of Santa Claus .


 
Paragra ph Two
FareShare has been running as an independent charity since 2004. It collects food from supermarkets, cafe chains, bakeries  and other retailers that would otherwise be thrown away and distributes it to 2,020 charities across the country. Last year it redistributed 7,360 tons of food, providing 15.3m meals and saving
the British voluntary sector an estimated f 19m.
37. FareShare's fi ghtingagainst food w
Paragraph Three
One way to get people to produce less garbage is to charge them for it
So- called pay- as- you-throw programs—in which municipalities bill residents for
their garbage—have been around for decades but are becoming more widespread.
And they work. Now that (people) are aware that trash has a cost, they begin
looking for alternatives to puttingthings in a trash can.
38. Putting a p_            on trash.
Paragraph Four
Drones are beingused by tech-savvy farmers to monitor and spray crops, by researchers to measure environmental pollution and by Hollywood  studios to capture action-packed footage for blockbuster movies. Drones are even saving lives, as first responders to coordinate operations and search for missing hikers . And of course, drones are being flown by hundreds of thousands of amateurs
39. Drones are used in a variety of f_
Paragraph Five
It  stands  to  reason  that  countries  with  larger  populations  might  enjoy long-run economic advantages. People are the raw material of economic growth, after all. The more there are, the greater the likelihood  that one becomes a Gutenberg or a Watt. In a world without much international trade, populous countries offer the largest markets, and comparatively more opportunity to boost economic output through specialization and trade.
40.Population is ad       factor of economic growth.
Paragraph Six
On  paper,  it  looks  as  if San  Francisco  shouldn't  have  a homelessness problem. There are as many permanent housing beds as people who need them. The city spends hundreds of millions of dollars to help get people off the streets  Yet there are about 7,500 homeless in the city because of soaring rents and the difficulty of treating substance abuse, mental illness,  and other health concerns.
41 . Homelessness problem e     in San Francisco.


 
Paragraph Seven
When Ottessa Moshfegh published her debut novel,“Eileen, ”last August, she did  so without  an online publicity apparatus. Vanity Fair noted that  Ms.
Moshfegh, 34, was an anomaly because she had neither social media profiles nor a website. There wasn't much personal information floating around about her, either.    Ms. Moshfegh  had  made  herself (apart  from  her  work)  somewhat un -Googleable.
42. Ottessa Moshfegh doesn't release her i       into the digital world.
Paragraph Eight
The many different things a language can and must do are the subject ofAre Some Languages Better than Others?, a book from 2016 by R.M.W. Dixon of James Cook University in Australia. Mr. Dixon dispels old colonialist prejudices that European languages are sophisticated and indigenous ones primitive .  Indeed, many of the most nuanced discriminations are required not by French or German but among isolated traditional communities.
43. A book about whether some languages are s       to others.
Paragraph Nine
I wonder what life will be left for me in China in the future . I've long nursed vague plans of moving back to China to live for a few years, to get to know it better and solidify my place there. But with each year that passes in the U.S. , such a move gets harder and harder to make.
44 .The h       of a Chinese emigrant to the U.S .
Paragraph Ten
Academic economics recruits too few women. Also, many of those who do work in the profession say they are treated unfairly and that their talents are not fully realized. As a result, economics has fewer good ideas than it should and
suffers from a skewed viewpoint. It is time for the dismal science to improve its dismal record on gender.
45 . The p_       against women in workplace.
 


 
IV Translation.(25 points, 4 points each for 46-50, 5 points for 51)
Directions:  In the following passage,  there  are  six  groups  of underlined sentences.  Read  the  passage  carefully  and  translate these  sentences  into Chinese Write the Chinese version on your Answer Sheet
Although the actual extent of computer crime is diffcult to measure, most experts agree that it is one of the fastest growing areas of illegal activity. The principal reason for both the growth and the lack of accurate measurement is the difficulty in detecting a well-executed theft. Losses per incident thus tend to be higher  than  in  other  types  of theft. 46.Once the computer criminal has compromised the system, it isjust as easy to steal a great sum as it is to steal a little,and to continue stealing long after the initial theft. Indeed, the computer criminal may find it more difficult to stop his illicit activity than to start it.
47.Computer criminals are,for the most part,well-educated and highly intelligent,and have the analyticalskillsthatmakethem valued employees. The fact that computercriminals do not fit criminal stereotypeshelps them to obtain the positions they require to carry out crimes. Being intelligent, they have fertile imaginations,  and  the variety of ways  in which they use equipment to their advantage is constantly being extended . In addition to direct theft of funds, the theft  of  data  (“program-napping”)  for  corporate  espionage  or  extortion  is becoming widespread, and can obviously have a substantial effect on a company's finances. 48. Another lucrative scheme,often difficult to detect,involves accumulatingfractionsof pencefromindividual payroll accounts,withelectronic transfer of the accumulated amount to the criminal's payroll. Employers  are hardly concerned with pence, much less fractions of pence. In addition, of course, the company's total payroll is unaffected.
Guarding  against  computer  abuse—whether  deliberate  or  accidental — involves attention to the following areas: (1 ) Protection of hardware from physical damage; (2) Protection of software and data.
49. Theprotectionofhardware from accidental or intentional damage is a functionofthe environment in which the equipmentis kept. The computermust be isolated from othercompany facilities, and access should be strictly controlled. No unauthorized person should ever be admitted to the computer area. Many insurance companies and  security firms offer free evaluation  of the physical protection of computer installations.
00596# 英语阅读(二)试题 第13页( 共14 页)


 
The protection of software is a more difficult problem . 50. Some risks are
reduced by controlling physical access by unauthorized personnel,but most damage to software,accidental and intentional, is caused by those whose jobs require at least some access to thecomputer. The writer of the program is often the one responsible for its misuse. Programs devised exclusively for a particular company are therefore far more vulnerable to abuse and accident than standard software packages produced by external suppliers.
A unique program is both  difficult  and  expensive to replace.  Accidental erasure, sabotage, or physical removal of a single disk or tape could mean that a whole system has to be rebuilt, followed by a lengthy testing process. 51.The creators of a custom-made program are almost always company employees, who may or may not have a vested interest in the program's function. Moreover,they can alterthe program at will, and there islittle management that one can do to make surethatalterationsina uniqueprogram are always legitimate.

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