重庆学士学位英语考点归纳（23）

  二、对过去事实的虚拟

        基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done

        例如：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the

        rules.

        (事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)

        If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.

        (事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)

        此种虚拟可进行倒装，如：

        Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.= If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

        三、对将来事实的虚拟

        基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似

        汉语中的“万一”

        例如：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.

        (事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)

        If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.

        (事实上不大可能会下雪)

        此种虚拟可倒装，如：

        Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot.

        = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.

        注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被

        省略。此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request等.

        例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work.

        The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough mate rials before they work on this project.

        上面的动词如果以名词形式出现时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气

        He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every moning.

        注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事

        情这类习语有： as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only等

        例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.

        (如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)

        Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.

        注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 shou

        ld经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。

        这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/adv isable等 + that

        例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.一致原则一致原则贯穿英语语法，在前面各个章节中已有涉及，本章作为对前面的补充

        第一节 主谓一致

        主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在数上要保持一致. 在英语除了时态的变化外，名词、动词的数也有差别，这就要求主语（以名词为代表）和谓语（包括助动词）在数上要一致如：

        1. 在名词+of+名词这种结构中, 前一个名词是整个短语的中心词, 当该短语作主

        语时，一般以of之前名词的数为依据确定谓语的数.one of 之后需接复数名词，但one of+名词作主语时中心词是one，故谓语应用单数One of my students wins the game.

        2. 由and连接的多个名词作主语，谓语动词应用复数

        Career and love are important to me.

        Jim, John and Mary are playing football.

        但是如果用and连接起来表示单一的概念时，谓语动词要用单数

        The famous singer and actress, Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.  

        (在这里, singer和actress指得是同一人, 都是Whitney Huston)

        3. 不可数名词，尤其是抽象名词(relation, authority, necessity, power,

        democr acy, young等)作主语时要视为单数，谓语自然也要用单数

        The relation between us is very simple.

        4. 单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数

        That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.

        When they will come hasn’t been made public.

        5. 如果主语是单数，那么即使后面有with/ together with/ along

        with/accompanied

        by, no less than, like, but, except, including, besides等引导的短语，谓语动词仍然要是用单数

        例如：The boy, together with his parents, goes to the cinema today.

        No one except the two boys knows how to solve this problem.

        6. 由Not A but B, Not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B

        引导的主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语相一致

        Either you or Mary hurts her.

        Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to cha

        nge her mind.

        Not you but he is tired of typing.

        Not only the students but also the teacher is going to be blamed.

        7.在there be句型、介词短语、副词为句首引起的倒装句中，真正的主语通常在谓 语的

        后面，谓语应该和后面的主语在数方面相一致。但是在there be 句型中，如果有两个或者两个以上的主语，必须和最接近他的那个主语相一致。

        There are a lot of books on the table.

        There is only one pencil, two books and one cup on the table.

        Many a time has he given us good advice.

        请看一道题：

        —I’ve come out without any money.

        —Never mind I __________ you some.

        A. am going to lend B. will lend C. have lent D. am to lend

        【分析】此题应选B。容易误选A。这里主要谈一谈有关“will＋动词原形”和“be going to＋动词原形”的区别：在通常情况下两者都可表示将来时间和意图，且有时可换用：

        我不会告诉你这事的。

        正：I won’t tell you about it.

        正：I’m not going to tell you about it.

        但是此时要注意：若是强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的，则通常要用be going to；若是表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑，而是在说话的当时才临时想到的，则通常用will，且以上两种情况通常不能换用。比较并体会：

        1. —Come to the party. 来参加晚会吧。

        —OK，I’ll bring my boyfriend. 好的，我把我的男 朋友也带来。(临时想法)

        2. —Where is the telephone book? 电话薄在哪?

        —I’ll get it for you. 我去给你拿。(临时想法)

        3. —Why are you taking it out? 干吗要把它拿出来?

        —I’m going to wash it. 我想把它洗一洗。 (事先考虑)

        4. —Have you bought a typewriter? 你买了台打字机吗?

        —Yes. I’m going to learn to type. 是的，我想学打字。(事先考虑)

        成人英语三级词汇和语法小练习及解答

        1. I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither _____ .

        A. did he B. didn’t he C. he did D. he could

        答案：A解析：neither 后面用倒装.

        2. _____ said was disputed by several other witnesses.

        A. That the man B. It is the man

        C. What the man D. The man had

        答案：C解析：What the man said…… 这是一个名词性主语从句做主语.

        3 She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.

        A. it B. this C. which D. that

        答案：C解析： 她听到一阵可怕的声音，这让她心都提到噪子眼儿了。这是一个非限制性定语从句，这种情况下用which来引导。

        4. _____ is careless when disposing of his wastes.

        A. It is man B. Man C. Man who D. A man

        答案：B解析： Man 在这里是指“人类”的意思。

        5. _____ five hundred people are believed to have drowned.

        A. As many as B. As much as

        C. So many as D. So much as

        答案：A解析：首先B、D不对，因为much后面修饰不可数名词； as many as 与…一样多，后面可以接具体的数字；而C项不正确，因为：so many as 如此众多的，后面不能出现具体的数字

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